基本信息
分期
复发
治疗概述
恶性间皮细胞瘤治疗方案
局部恶性间皮细胞瘤（I期）
进展性恶性间皮细胞瘤（ＩＩ期，III期，ＩＶ期）
复发性恶性间皮细胞瘤
General Information About Malignant Mesothelioma
恶性间皮细胞瘤的基本信息
Key Points for This Section
本节要点
- Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lining of the chest or abdomen.
- 恶性间皮细胞瘤是一类来源于胸部及腹部内侧的恶性细胞瘤。
- Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of malignant mesothelioma.
- 长期暴露于石棉矿物质下将增加患恶性间皮瘤的风险。
- Possible signs of malignant mesothelioma include shortness of breath and pain under the rib cage.
- 恶性间皮瘤的症状包括呼吸短促及肋骨下缘疼痛。
- Tests that examine the inside of the chest and abdomen are used to detect (find) and diagnose malignant mesothelioma.
- 胸部及腹部内侧检查将有助于检测及诊断恶性间皮细胞瘤。
- Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
- 影响恶性间皮细胞瘤恢复及治疗的因素
Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lining of the chest or abdomen.
恶性间皮细胞瘤是一类来源于胸部及腹部内侧的恶性细胞瘤
Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the pleura (the thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs) or the peritoneum (the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). This summary is about malignant mesothelioma of the pleura.
恶性间皮细胞瘤常发生于胸膜（胸腔最内层并覆盖肺组织）或者腹膜（腹腔最内层并覆盖腹腔脏器），本篇主要讲述发生于胸膜的恶性间皮瘤。
Respiratory anatomy; drawing shows right lung with upper, middle, and lower lobes; left lung with upper and lower lobes; and the trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, and diaphragm. Inset shows bronchioles, alveoli, artery, and vein.
Anatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways. Lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the thin membranes of the alveoli and into the bloodstream (see inset).
呼吸系统解剖图显示器官、肺及肺叶和气道。还有淋巴结及隔膜。氧气进入肺通过肺泡膜入血流。
Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of malignant mesothelioma.
长期暴露于石棉矿物质下将增加患恶性间皮瘤的风险
Many people with malignant mesothelioma have worked or lived in places where they inhaled or swallowed asbestos. After being exposed to asbestos, it usually takes a long time for malignant mesothelioma to form. Other risk factors for malignant mesothelioma include the following:
大部分恶性间皮瘤患者居住在或者工作在能吸入或吞入石棉换物质的地方。当暴露于石棉矿物质下时，恶性间皮瘤需要很长时间形成。恶性间皮瘤的风险因素包括：
- Living with a person who works near asbestos.
- 与接触石棉矿物质的人生活。
- Being exposed to a certain virus.
- 长期暴露于特定的病毒。
Possible signs of malignant mesothelioma include shortness of breath and pain under the rib cage.
恶性间皮瘤的症状包括呼吸短促及肋骨下缘疼痛。
Sometimes the cancer causes fluid to collect around the lung or in the abdomen. These symptoms may be caused by the fluid or malignant mesothelioma. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following problems:
有时肿瘤在肺和腹部产生积液，积液和恶性间皮瘤及其他状况都将导致以上症状。如果你有以下症状请联系你的医生：
Trouble breathing.
呼吸困难
Pain under the rib cage.
肋缘疼痛
Pain or swelling in the abdomen.
腹痛腹胀
Lumps in the abdomen.
腹部肿块
Weight loss for no known reason.
不明原因的体重下降
Tests that examine the inside of the chest and abdomen are used to detect (find) and diagnose malignant mesothelioma.
胸部及腹部内侧检查将有助于检测及诊断恶性间皮细胞瘤
Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer. The following tests and procedures may be used:
有时恶性间皮瘤及肺癌很难区分。以下检测将有助于区分：
- Physical exam and history : An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits, exposure to asbestos, past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- 体格及病史检查：检查患者的身体状况包括疾病迹象，如肿块和任何异常情况。患者的生活习惯，是否暴露于石棉化合物下，病史及治疗过的方案。
- Chest x-ray : An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
- 胸X摄片： 胸透X射线能穿透胸腔内器官和骨骼。x射线是一种能量束，可以穿过身体并及时使体内结构成像。
- Chest x-ray; drawing shows the patient standing with her back to the x-ray machine. X-rays are used to take pictures of organs and bones of the chest. X-rays pass through the patient onto film.
- CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may beinjected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
- CT检查：该技术能从人体不同角度得到其内部一系列的图片。图片来源于一台与X光机器连接的电脑。病人静脉或者口服注射造影剂，可帮助器官，或者组织更清晰的显影。CT又被称作计算机断层显像、电脑断层摄影术或计算机化X射线轴向分层造影。
- Biopsy : The removal of cells or tissues from the pleura or peritoneum so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer.
- 活检：从胸膜及腹膜取出肿瘤组织并在显微镜下观察。
活检方式包括以下几种:
- Fine-needle (FNA) aspiration biopsy of the lung:
- 肺细针穿刺：
用细针穿刺抽取肿瘤组织或者积液，在影像引导下定位异常组织，在皮肤表面做一切口将穿刺针穿入异常组织抽取样本。
Lung biopsy; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine with an x-ray picture of a cross-section of the lung on a monitor above the patient. Drawing also shows a doctor using the x-ray picture to help place the biopsy needle through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. Inset shows a side view of the chest cavity and lungs with the biopsy needle inserted into the area of abnormal tissue.
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Lung.
The patient lies on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the body. The x-ray pictures help the doctor see where the abnormal tissue is in the lung. A biopsy needle is inserted through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. A small piece of tissue is removed through the needle and checked under the microscope for signs of cancer.
肺部细针穿刺活检：患者卧于检查床上，ＣＴ扫描仪通过Ｘ射线成像。Ｘ射线成像图帮助医生发现肺部异常组织，活检针经胸壁穿刺入肺，部分病灶抽取后置于显微镜下观察肿瘤细胞。
- Thoracoscopy : An incision (cut) is made between two ribs and a thoracoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted into the chest.
- 胸腔镜检查：在两肋骨间做一切借口，一细管状带有镜头和光的设备插入到胸腔内。
- Thoracotomy : An incision (cut) is made between two ribs to check inside the chest for signs of disease.
- 胸廓切开术：在两肋骨间做一切口深入检查胸部疾病。
- Peritoneoscopy: An incision (cut) is made in the abdominal wall and a peritoneoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted into the abdomen.
- 腹腔镜检查：在腹壁处做一切借口，一细管状带有镜头和光的设备插入到腹腔内。
- Laparotomy : An incision (cut) is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease.
- 剖腹手术：在腹壁处做一切口深入检查腹腔内疾病。
- Open biopsy : A procedure in which an incision (cut) is made through the skin to expose and remove tissues to check for signs of disease.
- 开放性活检：通过皮肤做一切口来探查并抽取组织进行检查的方法。
Cytologic exam:
细胞学检查：病理科医生在显微镜下检查异常细胞。对于恶性间皮瘤患者，将肺及腹部的积液取出并检查其中的肿瘤细胞。
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
影响恶性间皮细胞瘤恢复及治疗的因素：
The stage of the cancer.
肿瘤分期
The size of the tumor.
肿瘤大小
Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery.
肿瘤是否能被手术完全切除
The amount of fluid in the chest or abdomen.
胸腔及腹腔积液量
The patient's age and general health, including lung and heart health.
患者的年龄及身体状况，包括心肺功能
The type of mesothelioma cancer cells and how they look under a microscope.
恶性间皮瘤的类型
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
肿瘤是初发还是复发？
Stages of Malignant Mesothelioma
恶性间皮瘤分期
Key Points for This Section
本节要点
After malignant mesothelioma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.
恶性间皮瘤一旦被确诊，进一步的检查将用于判断肿瘤是否有转移。
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
肿瘤有三种转移方式
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.
肿瘤可能从原发灶转移至身体其他部位
The following stages are used for malignant mesothelioma:
恶性间皮瘤分期
· Stage I (Localized)
· Ｉ期（局部）
· Stage II (Advanced)
· II期（进展）
· Stage III (Advanced)
· ＩＩＩ期（进展）
· Stage IV (Advanced)
· ＩＶ期（进展）
After malignant mesothelioma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.
恶性间皮瘤一旦被确诊，进一步的检查将用于判断肿瘤是否有转移。
通过观察肿瘤是否扩散到胸膜及腹膜外可划分分期，分期对于决定治疗方案至关重要！
The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may beinjected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
- CT检查：该技术能从人体不同角度得到其胸腹部一系列的图片。图片来源于一台与X光机器连接的电脑。病人静脉注射或者口服造影剂来帮助检测器官或者组织更清晰的显影。该技术又被称作计算机断层显像，电脑断层摄影术或计算机化X射线轴向分层造影。
PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
- 正电子扫描（正电子成像术）：用于发现体内的恶性肿瘤，少量放射性葡萄糖通过静脉注入体内，PET扫描仪旋转于人体周围并显示出葡萄糖流经人体部位的图像。图片中恶性肿瘤细胞较正常细胞显影明显具有更高活性。
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. This procedure is also called endosonography. EUS may be used to guide fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the lung, lymph nodes, or other areas.
- 内镜超声(EUS): 一个在体内插入内窥镜的程序。内窥镜是一种薄的管状仪器，与光线和镜头一起以供观察。内窥镜结束时的探针，用于反弹内部组织或器官的高能声波 (超声波),形成回声。身体组织的回声形成一幅图片称为超声波扫描。这个过程也称为超声内镜检查。EUS可用于引导细针吸活组织检查(FNA))肺、淋巴结或其他区域。
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy; drawing shows an endoscope with an ultrasound probe and biopsy needle inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. Drawing also shows lymph nodes near the esophagus and cancer in one lung. Inset shows the ultrasound probe locating the lymph nodes with cancer and the biopsy needle removing tissue from one of the lymph nodes near the esophagus.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. An endoscope that has an ultrasound probe and a biopsy needle is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. The probe bounces sound waves off body tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture) of the lymph nodes near the esophagus. The sonogram helps the doctor see where to place the biopsy needle to remove tissue from the lymph nodes. This tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
- 内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检。含有超声探头和活检针的内窥镜插入口腔和食道。探针反射身体组织的声波，形成回声,在食管附近形成一个淋巴结声波图(计算机图像)。超音波可以帮助医生了解活检针的放置位置，将组织从淋巴结移除。这一组织在显微镜下检查到癌症迹象。
Pulmonary function test (PFT): A test to see how well the lungs are working. It measures how much air the lungs can hold and how quickly air moves into and out of the lungs. It also measures how muchoxygen is used and how much carbon dioxide is given off during breathing. This is also called lung function test.
- 肺功能测试(PＦT): 一个检查肺部工作状态的测试。它测量肺部可以容纳多少空气，空气进出肺的速度。也检测呼吸期间氧气使用量和二氧化碳释放量。这也称为肺功能测试。
恶性间皮细胞瘤有下列3种扩散途径：
• 组织：直接扩散到临近组织。
• 淋巴系统：肿瘤通过淋巴系统扩散到身体的其他部位。
• 血液：肿瘤细胞通过进入血液扩散到其他器官。
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.
肿瘤可以从原发灶转移至身体其他部位
When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the primary tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.
当肿瘤转移至身体其他部位时称之为转移。肿瘤细胞从原发灶通过淋巴系统及血液系统传播。
- Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
- 淋巴系统：肿瘤细胞到达淋巴系统经淋巴管在身体其他部位形成肿瘤。
- Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
- 血液系统：肿瘤细胞到达血液系统经血管在身体其他部位形成肿瘤。
- The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if malignant mesothelioma spreads to the brain, the cancer cells in the brain are actually malignant mesothelioma cells. The disease is metastatic malignant mesothelioma, not brain cancer.
转移性肿瘤与原发灶属于同一类型。比如：恶性间皮细胞瘤转移至脑，大脑中的肿瘤细胞属于恶性间皮细胞瘤。该病种属于转移性恶性淋巴瘤而非脑瘤。
The following stages are used for malignant mesothelioma:
恶性间皮细胞瘤有以下分期：
Stage I (Localized)
Ｉ期（局部）
Ｉ期分为 IA期和 IB期:
- In stage IA, cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs and/or the lining that covers the diaphragm. Cancer has not spread to the lining that covers the lung.
- ＩＡ期：肿瘤发生在胸壁内层或者胸腔肺和脏层膜之间同时未扩散至肺。
- In stage IB, cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall and the lining that covers the lung. Cancer may also be found in the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs and/or the lining that covers the diaphragm.
- ＩB期：肿瘤发生在胸壁内层和脏层膜上，也可能发生在胸腔肺和脏层膜之间。
Stage II (Advanced)
ＩＩ期（进展性）
In stage II, cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall, the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs, the lining that covers the diaphragm, and the lining that covers the lung. Also, cancer has spread into one or both of the following:
肿瘤发生于胸壁内层，胸腔和肺脏之间，脏层膜内层并且涵盖了肺。同时肿瘤扩散至膈肌或者肺。
Stage III (Advanced)
III期（进展性）
Cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall. Cancer may have spread to:
肿瘤发生在胸壁内层，有可能已经扩散至：
the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs;
胸腔和肺之间
the lining that covers the diaphragm;
侵犯到膈膜
the lining that covers the lung;
侵犯到肺
the diaphragm muscle;
侵犯到膈肌
the lung.
肺
Cancer has spread to lymph nodes where the lung joins the bronchus, along the trachea and esophagus, between the lung and diaphragm, or below the trachea.
肿瘤已经扩散至淋巴结及支气管，气管和食道，位于肺和膈膜之间或气管之下。
或者
Cancer is found in one side of the chest in the lining of the chest wall, the lining of the chest cavity between the lungs, the lining that covers the diaphragm, and the lining that covers the lung. Cancer has spread into one or more of the following:
肿瘤现于胸壁一侧，位于胸腔和肺之间，
- Tissue between the ribs and the lining of the chest wall.
- 肿瘤组织位于肋骨与胸壁之间。
- Fat in the cavity between the lungs.
- 位于胸腔的脂肪组织。
- Soft tissues of the chest wall.
- 胸壁软组织。
- Sac that covers the heart.
- 位于心包。
Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes where the lung joins the bronchus, along the trachea and esophagus, between the lung and diaphragm, or below the trachea.
肿瘤已经扩散至肺和支气管连接处的淋巴结，并延至气管和食道，肺和膈膜，气管之下。
Stage IV (Advanced)
IV期（进展性）
In stage IV, cancer cannot be removed by surgery and is found in one or both sides of the body. Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes anywhere in the chest or above the collarbone. Cancer has spread in one or more of the following ways:
肿瘤不能被手术切除并且发展到身体两侧。肿瘤可能转移到胸腔或锁骨上淋巴结。肿瘤已经扩散至以下：
- Through the diaphragm into the peritoneum (the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).
- 通过膈膜扩散至腹膜（腹部薄层组织并覆盖腹腔大部分器官）。
- To the tissue lining the chest on the opposite side of the body as the tumor.
- ？？？
- To the chest wall and may be found in the rib.
- 扩散至胸壁，可能及肋骨。
- Into the organs in the center of the chest cavity.
- 扩散至胸腔脏器。
- Into the spine.
- 扩散至脊柱。
- Into the sac around the heart or into the heart muscle.
- 扩散至心包及心肌。
- To distant parts of the body such as the brain, spine, thyroid, or prostate.
- 远处转移如脑、脊柱、甲状腺或前列腺。
Recurrent Malignant Mesothelioma
恶性间皮细胞瘤复发
Recurrent malignant mesothelioma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the chest or abdomen or in other parts of the body.
经治疗后恶性间皮细胞瘤复发，肿瘤可能于胸部、腹部或者身体其他部位复发。
Treatment Option Overview
治疗概述
Key Points for This Section
本节要点
- There are different types of treatment for patients with malignant mesothelioma.
- 恶性间皮细胞瘤分三种类型
- Three types of standard treatment are used:
- 三种标准治疗：
· Surgery
· 手术
· Radiation therapy
· 放疗
· Chemotherapy
· 化疗
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
新的治疗方案正应用于临床
· Biologic therapy
· 靶向治疗
· Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
· 腹腔热灌注化疗
Three types of standard treatment are used:
三种标准治疗
Surgery
手术
分为以下几种：
- Wide local excision: Surgery to remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it.
- 局部切除术：手术切除肿瘤组织及周围健康组织。
- Pleurectomy and decortication: Surgery to remove part of the covering of the lungs and lining of the chest and part of the outside surface of the lungs.
- 胸膜切除术和去皮质术：手术切除覆盖在肺表面的肿瘤组织及胸腔内侧和肺皮质部分。
- Extrapleural pneumonectomy: Surgery to remove one whole lung and part of the lining of the chest, the diaphragm, and the lining of the sac around the heart.
- 胸膜外肺切除术：切除整个肺及部分胸膜，膈膜和心包膜。
- Pleurodesis: A surgical procedure that uses chemicals or drugs to make a scar in the space between the layers of the pleura. Fluid is first drained from the space using a catheter or chest tube and the chemical or drug is put into the space. The scarring stops the build-up of fluid in the pleural cavity.
- 胸膜固定术：采用化学药物在胸膜层之间做一切口，积液首先用导管和胸管引流，接下来化学药物放置于胸膜内。疤痕组织填充了原来的胸腔积液。
Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.
即使手术将所有可见到的肿瘤切除，一些患者仍然需要术后给予化疗和放射治疗来杀死残余的肿瘤细胞。术后用于降低肿瘤复发的治疗称作辅助治疗。
Radiation therapy
放疗
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
放射治疗是利用高能X射线或其他放射物，杀死肿瘤或阻止其生长的治疗方法。现有两种放疗方法：外放射治疗，是指用机器向肿瘤发出射线；内放射治疗，将放射性物质密封在针管、粒子或导管内，直接放置到肿瘤内或附近。放疗的方式取决于肿瘤的类型和分期。
Chemotherapy
化疗
化学治疗是利用药物杀死肿瘤细胞或阻止其分化的方法。化疗药物经口服、静脉注射或者肌肉注射的方式进入血液，进而杀灭肿瘤细胞，称之为全身化疗。化疗药物直接进入支配肿瘤的血管、脑脊液、器官、体腔如腹腔来杀灭肿瘤细胞，称之为局部化疗或区域化疗。化疗的方式取决于肿瘤的类型和分期。
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is the use of more than one anticancer drug. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
新的治疗方案正应用于临床
Biologic therapy
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
靶向治疗是利用药物来识别和攻击特定肿瘤细胞而不伤害正常细胞的治疗方法。常用单克隆抗体和激酶抑制剂。单克隆抗体是从人体免疫系统中的某种免疫细胞培养的抗体。这些抗体能够识别促使肿瘤生长的细胞表面抗原物质。抗体粘附于抗原并杀死肿瘤细胞，阻止其生长和扩散。单克隆抗体可单独注入，或者携带某种药物、毒素和放射性物质，直接到达肿瘤细胞。激酶抑制剂是小分子物质，能阻止肿瘤细胞分化。抗血管新生单克隆抗体能阻止肿瘤血管的形成,肿瘤失去供养后停止增长或萎缩，已针对性的用于治疗晚期肾细胞癌。
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
腹腔热灌注化疗技术
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is a type of regional chemotherapy being studied in the treatment of mesothelioma that has spread to the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). After the surgeon removes all the cancer that can be seen, a solution containing anticancer drugs is heated and pumped into and out of the abdomen to kill cancer cells that remain. Heating the anticancer drugs may kill more cancer cells.
腹腔热灌注化疗技术是间皮瘤的一种局部化疗方法，间皮瘤已扩散至腹膜（腹腔内层及腹腔脏器）。术后切除大部分肉眼可见的肿瘤，抗肿瘤药物加热后被泵入腹腔来杀死残留的肿瘤细胞。加热的抗肿瘤药物可能会杀死更多的肿瘤细胞。
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
对于一些患者，参与临床试验也许是最好的选择。临床试验是肿瘤研究进展的一部分。它用于发现新的治疗方案是否安全并且优于标准治疗方案。
现今许多标准治疗都是基于早期的临床试验。参与临床试验的患者可能正在接受新的标准治疗。
参与临床试验的患者同时又在帮助肿瘤治疗的进展。即使临床试验并未达到预期的效果，它们也回答了重要的科学问题。
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
有些临床试验只接收未经过治疗的患者。有些则接收前期治疗效果不理想的患者。同时也会有防止肿瘤复发或减轻治疗副作用的临床试验。
Follow-up tests may be needed.
有些临床试验用于重新诊断重新分期肿瘤。有些是为了观察治疗效果。临床试验有时候可以决定患者是否应该继续，改变或者停止治疗。该过程又叫做重新分期。
有些临床试验在治疗结束后仍需重复试验。试验结果可以提示患者的身体状态以及是否复发。改过程又叫做随访或复查。
Treatment Options for Malignant Mesothelioma
恶性间皮细胞瘤的治疗方案
Localized Malignant Mesothelioma (Stage I)
局部恶性间皮细胞瘤（I期）
If the malignant mesothelioma is in one part of the chest lining, treatment will probably be surgery to remove the part of the chest lining with cancer and some of the tissue around it.
如果肿瘤仅限于胸膜内层，手术即可切除该部分胸膜及周围健康组织。
If localized malignant mesothelioma is found in more than one place in the chest, treatment may be one of the following:
如果肿瘤超过胸膜位置，以下治疗方案将被采纳：
- Pleurectomy and decortication, with or without radiation therapy, as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
- 胸膜切除术和去皮质术加或者不加放射治疗作为缓解患者症状提高患者生存质量的姑息疗法。
- Extrapleural pneumonectomy.
- 胸膜外全肺切除术。
- Radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
- 姑息性放射治疗用于减轻症状提高患者生存质量。
- A clinical trial of anticancer drugs placed directly into the chest after surgery to remove the tumor.
- 术后之间注入抗肿瘤药物
- A clinical trial of combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
- 手术，化疗和放疗的联合治疗。
- A clinical trial of a new treatment.
- 临床试验
Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma (Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV)
进展性恶性间皮细胞瘤（II期，ＩＩＩ期和ＩＶ期）
- Surgery to drain fluid that has collected in the chest, to reduce discomfort. Pleurodesis may be done to stop more fluid from collecting in the chest.
- 胸腔引流术减轻患者不适，胸膜粘合术减少积液积聚。
- Pleurectomy and decortication, as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
- 胸膜切除术和去皮质术减轻患者症状提高生活质量。
- Radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve pain.
- 放射治疗减轻缓和疼痛。
- Chemotherapy with one anticancer drug.
- 抗肿瘤药物化疗。
- A clinical trial of regional chemotherapy after surgery to remove the tumor, for malignant mesothelioma that has spread to the peritoneum.
- 针对扩散到腹膜的间皮细胞瘤，手术进行局部化疗。
- A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy.
- 联合化疗临床试验
- A clinical trial of combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
- 手术，化疗及放疗临床试验
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy placed directly into the chest cavity or abdominal cavity to shrink the tumors and keep fluid from building up.
- 直接在胸腔及腹腔注入化疗药物缩小肿瘤阻止积液生成。
Recurrent Malignant Mesothelioma
复发性恶性间皮细胞瘤
- A clinical trial of biologic therapy.
- 分子靶向治疗临床试验
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy.
- 化疗临床试验
- A clinical trial of surgery.
- 手术临床试验